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He accused Washington of teaching lessons of work and money, which potentially encouraged African Americans to forget about the highest aims of life. Du Bois, also an influential African-American educator, strongly objected to Washington's educational program. Washington held firmly to his beliefs that vocational education was the ideal route for most African Americans. Washington, Armstrong's prize student, took the same values and philosophical views as his former mentor. His vocational education programs emphasized the need for African Americans to be good, subservient laborers. The children of defeated Native American leaders were sent to the Carlisle Pennsylvania Indian School, and the curriculum was job training.Īfter the Civil War Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the founder of Hampton Institute and the ideological father of African-American vocational education, tried to address the racial aspects of the social and economic relations between the former slaves and the white South. By the mid-1880s vocational education in the form of industrial education was synonymous with institutional programs for these youth. As apprenticeship declined, other institutions developed to care for these youngsters. During the colonial period the colonies frequently cared for orphans, poor children, and delinquents by indenturing them to serve apprenticeships. The first education law passed in America, the Old Deluder Satan Act of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set specific requirements for masters to teach apprentices academic as well as vocational skills. The first formalized vocational education system in America can be traced to apprenticeship agreements of colonial times. Meeting the internalized job needs of individuals is a crucial objective of vocational education. While meeting the demands of the economy, the abilities of individuals must be utilized to the fullest. Vocational preparation must always be viewed against the backdrop of the needs of society and of the individual. The vocational curriculum can be identified as a combination of classroom instruction–hands-on laboratory work and on-the-job training–augmented by an active network of student organizations. As such, a variety of components fall under the vocational education umbrella: agricultural education, business education, family and consumer sciences, health occupations education, marketing education, technical education, technology education, and trade and industrial education.
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For the purpose of this article, vocational education is defined as a practically illustrated and attempted job or career skill instruction.